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Burden of infectious disease studies in Europe and the United Kingdom: a review of methodological design choices
- Periklis Charalampous, Juanita A. Haagsma, Lea S. Jakobsen, Vanessa Gorasso, Isabel Noguer, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Rodrigo Sarmiento, João Vasco Santos, Scott A. McDonald, Dietrich Plass, Grant M. A. Wyper, Ricardo Assunção, Elena von der Lippe, Balázs Ádám, Ala'a AlKerwi, Jalal Arabloo, Ana Lúcia Baltazar, Boris Bikbov, Maria Borrell-Pages, Iris Brus, Genc Burazeri, Serafeim C. Chaintoutis, José Chen-Xu, Nino Chkhaberidze, Seila Cilovic-Lagarija, Barbara Corso, Sarah Cuschieri, Carlotta Di Bari, Keren Dopelt, Mary Economou, Theophilus I. Emeto, Peter Fantke, Florian Fischer, Alberto Freitas, Juan Manuel García-González, Federica Gazzelloni, Mika Gissler, Artemis Gkitakou, Hakan Gulmez, Sezgin Gunes, Sebastian Haller, Romana Haneef, Cesar A. Hincapié, Paul Hynds, Jane Idavain, Milena Ilic, Irena Ilic, Gaetano Isola, Zubair Kabir, Maria Kamusheva, Pavel Kolkhir, Naime Meriç Konar, Polychronis Kostoulas, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Carlo La Vecchia, Paolo Lauriola, Miriam Levi, Marjeta Majer, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Javier Muñoz Laguna, Evangelia Nena, Edmond S. W. Ng, Paul Nguewa, Vikram Niranjan, Iskra Alexandra Nola, Rónán O'Caoimh, Marija Obradović, Elena Pallari, Mariana Peyroteo, Vera Pinheiro, Nurka Pranjic, Miguel Reina Ortiz, Silvia Riva, Cornelia Melinda Adi Santoso, Milena Santric Milicevic, Tugce Schmitt, Niko Speybroeck, Maximilian Sprügel, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Aleksandar Stevanovic, Lau Caspar Thygesen, Fimka Tozija, Brigid Unim, Hilal Bektaş Uysal, Orsolya Varga, Milena Vasic, Rafael José Vieira, Vahit Yigit, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Sara M. Pires
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 151 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 January 2023, e19
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- Open access
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This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3053 studies of which 2948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results.
Prevalence of breast-feeding and exclusive breast-feeding at 48 h after birth and up to the sixth month in Cyprus: the BrEaST start in life project
- Mary Economou, Ourania Kolokotroni, Irene Paphiti-Demetriou, Christiana Kouta, Ekaterini Lambrinou, Eleni Hadjigeorgiou, Vasiliki Hadjiona, Froso Tryfonos, Elena Philippou, Nicos Middleton
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 21 / Issue 5 / April 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 November 2017, pp. 967-980
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Objective
To assess the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of breast-feeding (BF) and exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) in Cyprus up to the sixth month.
DesignCross-sectional and longitudinal descriptive study. BF and EBF were estimated based on mothers’ self-reported BF status in line with Step 7 of the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative questionnaire and based on 24 h recall.
SettingMaternity wards in all public hospitals and twenty-nine (of thirty-five) private maternity clinics nationwide.
SubjectsConsecutive sample of 586 mothers recruited within 48 h from birth, followed up by telephone interview at the first, fourth and sixth month.
ResultsAlthough 84·3 % of mothers initiated BF before discharge, prevalence of BF at the sixth month was 32·4 %, with the highest reduction observed between the first and fourth months. Prevalence of EBF at 48 h was 18·8 % and fell gradually to 5·0 % at the sixth month. Mothers with higher educational attainment or higher family income were more likely to breast-feed until the sixth month. In terms of EBF, an association was observed only with education, which persisted until the sixth month. Other than social gradient, mode of delivery was the strongest determinant of BF initiation, exclusivity and continuation. Mothers who gave birth vaginally were three to four times more likely to initiate BF (OR=3·1; 95 % CI 1·7, 5·4) and EBF (OR=4·3; 95 % CI 2·7, 6·8).
ConclusionsThe low prevalence of BF and EBF in Cyprus, together with the fact that caesarean section rates are currently among the highest in Europe, suggest the need for further research to understand this multidimensional phenomenon and for interdisciplinary policy action to protect, promote and support BF.
Host recognition in the Rhizobium leguminosarum–pea symbiosis
- Edited by J. A. Callow, University of Birmingham, J. R. Green, University of Birmingham
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- Book:
- Perspectives in Plant Cell Recognition
- Published online:
- 07 May 2010
- Print publication:
- 13 August 1992, pp 257-266
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Summary
Abstract
Recognition between leguminous plants and the specific rhizobial strains that nodulate them is mediated via a regulon of nodulation (nod) genes present in the bacteria. These nod genes are induced by flavonoids secreted from legume roots. Many of the nod gene products are involved in the synthesis of host-specific signals that are recognised by appropriate legume hosts. Recently (Lerouge et al., 1990), the signal molecule made by one strain of Rhizobium meliloti was identified as an acylated and sulphated, tetraglucosamine glycolipid and there is strong evidence that Rhizobium leguminosarum makes related but structurally distinct signals.
On the basis of these observations it is now possible to make sense of several similarities that have been recognised between nod gene products and enzymes of known function. Thus, for example, it appears that the nodM gene product is involved in the formation of glucosamine precursors of the signal molecule, whilst other gene products are likely to be involved in specific substitutions that confer host specificity to the signal molecule.
In addition to those nod gene products that are involved in the synthesis of the glycolipid, it is evident that there are other genes which may carry out a different role. Of particular interest is the nodO gene which encodes a secreted Ca2+-binding protein that has the potential to interact directly with plant cells. In the absence of the nodFEL genes, nodO is necessary for nodulation, indicating that the NodO protein can compensate for the loss of nodFEL function during infection.